From the shipyards and forges of the River Clyde, one firm reached further into the new science of flight than almost any other in Scotland. William Beardmore and Co Ltd built warships, locomotives, motor cars and armour plate, and between 1913 and 1930 it turned that industrial might toward aircraft, aero-engines, airships and the world's first flush-deck aircraft carrier, HMS Argus. Company records from Dalmuir, Clydebank, Parkhead and Inchinnan document how a Scottish shipbuilding firm helped build early British air power.
A shipbuilder turns to flight
Beardmore's aviation work grew directly out of its engineering scale. The company already commanded the heavy plant, skilled labour and steelmaking needed to build capital ships at Dalmuir on the Clyde. When the Admiralty and, later, the Ministry of Munitions needed aircraft, engines and airships in quantity for the First World War, Beardmore was well placed to answer.
The book "Beardmore Aviation: The Story of a Scottish Industrial Giant's Aviation Activities" by Charles E. MacKay covers the firm's aviation history "from 1913 to 1930 at Dalmuir, Clydebank and Parkhead, Glasgow." It follows "the infant aircraft industry from the First World War, 1914-1918, to mass production of all-metal aircraft in the Thirties," a span that took British aviation from fragile wood-and-fabric biplanes to ambitious metal-framed machines.
Aircraft built on the Clyde
Beardmore manufactured its own designs and built others under licence. The company's own WB series ran through a long sequence of types, and it also produced the Sopwith Pup and Sopwith Camel, the Handley Page V1500 and the Nieuport XII, among others. At the end of the period came what MacKay calls "the mighty Beardmore Inflexible," a large all-metal aircraft built on the work of the German engineer Adolf Rohrbach.
Beardmore's output went straight to operational squadrons at sea and on the Western Front. The Sopwith Camel built by Beardmore flew at sea with the Royal Naval Air Service and, from April 1918, the Royal Air Force, including operations from cruisers and from the carrier Furious. The book documents "the loss of Dunning on the hybrid carrier Furious," a reference to the pioneering and ultimately fatal deck-landing experiments that helped define how aircraft would operate from ships.
HMS Argus: the first flush-deck aircraft carrier
The single most important vessel in this story is HMS Argus. Beardmore laid her down at Dalmuir on the Clyde, originally as the Italian liner Conte Rosso, before she was completed instead as an aircraft carrier. Argus was the world's first carrier with a full-length, unobstructed flush flight deck, a layout that later aircraft carriers adopted. She was commissioned in September 1918, in the closing weeks of the First World War.
MacKay's book gives "an in-depth history of H.M.S. Argus from 1918 to her scrapping in 1946." Her career spanned the inter-war development of carrier flying and reached into the Second World War, including service at Chanak and Shanghai and in Operations Torch and Harpoon. The account covers "the first aircraft carrier landings by Bell-Davis from RAF Turnhouse and ends with the last flight of a Swordfish in September 1944," and records the after-action damage she suffered during Operation Torch. For anyone tracing how naval aviation actually began, Argus is the keystone, and her keel was Scottish.
Sopwith Camels, lighters and the last Zeppelin
The naval thread runs through the air war as well. The book describes the interception and shooting down of a Zeppelin by Lieutenant Stuart Culley in the Beardmore-built Sopwith Camel N6812. On 11 August 1918 Culley took off from a towed lighter and brought down the Zeppelin L53, the last Zeppelin destroyed in the war, an early demonstration of the reach a small aircraft could achieve when launched from the sea. The actual aircraft, N6812, survives in the Imperial War Museum to this day.
Airships at Inchinnan: the R34 and the road to R101
Beardmore's airship work was carried out largely at Inchinnan in Renfrewshire, where the company built a vast construction shed. The book records "the four airships built at Inchinnan including R.34 and R.36," alongside the manufacture of kite balloons for deployment on ships.
The R34 earned a permanent place in aviation history. Built by William Beardmore and Company at Inchinnan, she made the first east-to-west aerial crossing of the Atlantic and the first double crossing by any aircraft, flying from Scotland to Long Island, New York, and back to Norfolk in July 1919. That a Clyde-built airship achieved this just weeks after the first non-stop Atlantic aeroplane flight underlines how central Scottish industry was to the period's boldest aviation ventures.
The Beardmore Tornado and the R101 disaster
The airship story has a darker chapter, and it connects directly to Beardmore's engine works. The company developed a family of aero-engines, including the Beardmore Typhoon, Cyclone and Tornado. The diesel-type Beardmore Tornado was selected to power the R101, the great government airship built by the Royal Airship Works.
The R101 set out on its maiden overseas voyage to India and crashed near Beauvais in northern France in the early hours of 5 October 1930, catching fire on impact. Forty-eight of the fifty-four people aboard were killed, among them the Air Minister Lord Thomson, and the disaster effectively ended British rigid-airship development. MacKay's book "sheds light on the Beardmore Tornado engine and the R101 disaster," examining the heavy compression-ignition engines fitted to the airship and the weight penalties they imposed.
Aero-engines, the Ministry of Munitions and the wider industry
Beyond its own factories, Beardmore sat at the centre of a Scottish and West of Scotland aviation effort organised under the Ministry of Munitions during the First World War. The book "investigates aero-engine development by the Ministry of Munitions at Arrol Johnston and Siddeley Deasy" and covers "the aero-engine programmes with statistics, never before published."
The engine narrative is detailed. It runs from the Beardmore 120/160 hp engine and the aircraft it powered, through the Beardmore Halford Pullinger (BHP) engine and the DH9 programme, to the Siddeley Puma and Tiger engines, and on to experimental diesel work including the Beardmore Hurricane. The appendix adds primary statistical tables covering "aircraft production in the UK during the First World War," armament production, and what may be "the only account of Adolf Rohrbach's aircraft development in print." It also documents the role of the Weir brothers in setting up aircraft production in Glasgow and the founding of Renfrew Airport.
Renfrew, the reserve flying school and the Auxiliary Air Force
The company's reach extended into pilot training. The Beardmore School of Reserve Flying at Renfrew, on the site of the original Renfrew Airport, operated from 1924 until its closure in 1928. The book lists the school's aircraft, including the Avro 504 and Bristol Fighter, and records how the Auxiliary Air Force was set up. At Renfrew, the same industrial firm that built the airframes and aero-engines also ran the airfield and trained the pilots.
Archival records from Scotland and London
The book draws on "the Beardmore archive records in Scotland and London," and presents "accurate production figures" with contract numbers, engine and airframe totals, and statistical tables for the First World War that are, in the author's words, "rarely published."
The result is a 238-page volume of roughly 61,000 words, profusely illustrated with original images, and described by one eBay buyer as filling "an important gap in British industrial history." Its production figures were researched from the Beardmore archive records in Scotland and London.
Beardmore archive records (1913-1930)
Beardmore's aviation activities deserve to be remembered alongside the firm's ships and engines, because in HMS Argus, the R34 and the wider Clydeside effort, Scotland helped invent modern air power. The complete archival study is published in Beardmore Aviation: The Story of a Scottish Industrial Giant's Aviation Activities by Charles E. MacKay.